Kurilosides A1, A2, C1, D,E and F—Triterpene Glycosides from the Far Eastern Sea Cucumber Thyonidium (= Duasmodactyla) kurilensis (Levin): Structures with Unusual Non-Holostane Aglycones and Cytotoxicities

Six new monosulfated triterpene tetra-, penta- and hexaosides, namely, the kurilosides A₁ (1), A₂ (2), C₁ (3), D (4), E (5) and F (6), as well as the known earlier kuriloside A (7), having unusual non-holostane aglycones without lactone, have been isolated from the sea cucumber Thyonidium (= Duasmodactyla) kurilensis (Levin) (Cucumariidae, Dendrochirotida), collected in the Sea of Okhotsk near Onekotan Island from a depth of 100 m. Structures of the glycosides were established by 2D NMR spectroscopy and HR-ESI mass spectrometry. Kurilosides of the groups A and E contain carbohydrate moieties with a rare architecture (a pentasaccharide branched by C(4) Xyl1), differing from each other in the second monosaccharide residue (quinovose or glucose, correspondingly); kurilosides of the group C are characterized by a unique tetrasaccharide branched by a C(4) Xyl1 sugar chain; and kurilosides of the groups D and F are hexaosides differing from each other in the presence of an O-methyl group in the fourth (terminal) sugar unit. All these glycosides contain a sulfate group at C-6 of the glucose residue attached to C-4 Xyl1 and the non-holostane aglycones have a 9(11) double bond and lack γ-lactone. The cytotoxic activities of compounds 1–7 against mouse neuroblastoma Neuro 2a, normal epithelial JB-6 cells and erythrocytes were studied. Kuriloside A₁ (1) was the most active compound in the series, demonstrating strong cytotoxicity against the erythrocytes and JB-6 cells and a moderate effect against Neuro 2a cells.     

干制方法对枇杷叶总酚、黄酮等成分及抗氧化活性的影响

研究不同干制方法对枇杷叶总酚、黄酮等成分和抗氧化活性的影响，给生产实践提供技术依据和理论参考，以成熟枇杷叶作为试验材料，采用热风烘干（35℃、50℃、65℃、80℃）、自然晒干和阴干方式进行干制处理，用70%乙醇超声浸提，测定其黄酮、总酚、多糖含量及抗氧化活性。结果表明，不同干制条件下枇杷叶总酚、黄酮、多糖含量及抗氧化活性存在差异，其中阴干条件下所测成分含量及抗氧化活性最高，热风烘干条件下随着温度的升高，试验所测成分含量及抗氧化活性呈下降趋势。阴干可以较大程度地保留枇杷叶总酚、黄酮等成分及其抗氧化活性。在以干燥枇杷叶为原料，以总酚、黄酮等成分和抗氧化性为主的生产利用方面，应以阴干方法进行干制处理。     

河朔荛花根中抑菌活性成分研究

在活性追踪指导下，采用多种分离技术从河朔荛花根甲醇提取物中分离得到12个化合物，经核磁共振波谱、质谱等技术并结合相关文献确定其结构分别为1-己酸-2,3-硬脂酸甘油三酯( 1 )、β-谷甾醇( 2 )、月桂醇( 3 )、顺-十八碳-9-烯酸( 4 )、(2E)-庚基-3-(3, 4-二羟基苯基)丙烯酸酯( 5 )、(–)-pluviatolide( 6 )、1β-hydroxy-10β-H-guaia-4,11-dien-3-one( 7 )、异狼毒素( 8 )、新狼毒素B( 9 )、瑞香酚( 10 )、单棕榈酸甘油酯( 11 )和(+)-去甲络石甙元( 12 )。其中，化合物 3 、 4 和 6 ~ 12 均为首次从河朔荛花中分离得到。抑菌活性测定结果表明:异狼毒素( 8 )和新狼毒素B( 9 )对马铃薯晚疫病菌Phytophthora infestans菌丝生长和孢子萌发均表现出明显的抑制作用，其中对菌丝生长的EC₅₀值分别为68.4 μg/mL和44.9 μg/mL，对孢子萌发的EC₅₀值分别为25.1 μg/mL和14.0 μg/mL。     

棉籽壳中除草活性物质提取及鉴定

为了开发利用棉籽壳中的除草活性物质，分别以无水乙醇、正丁醇、石油醚和乙酸乙酯为溶剂，采用索氏提取法对棉籽壳中的活性物质进行了提取，并对各溶剂粗提物进行了除草活性测定。结果发现:用无水乙醇提取的粗提物对稗草生长的抑制活性最高，经气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用分析，发现该粗提物中主要含有甘油、三环己基3-烯-6-辛酮、4-乙烯基-2-甲氧基苯酚、(邻甲基苯酚)-2-溴-2氯-乙酰酯、十四酸、十四酸乙酯、十六烷酸、辛酸异戊酯和亚油酸9种化合物。进一步的除草活性测定结果表明，亚油酸、辛酸异戊酯、4-乙烯基-2-甲氧基苯酚和(邻甲基苯酚)-2-溴-2氯-乙酰酯4种化合物对稗草表现出一定的除草活性，其中亚油酸活性最强，其IC₅₀值为14.5 mg/L。     

The impact of foliar fertilizers on growth and biochemical responses of Thymus vulgaris to salinity stress

Salinity reduces plant biomass and may lead to death when severe. To cope with the negative effects of this stress, plant species present specific physiological or biochemical responses. In this work, we hypothesized that spraying salt-stressed thyme leaves with K⁺ and Ca²⁺ could mitigate the negative effects of salinity on plant growth and metabolism. To test this hypothesis, we grew thyme plants under salinity stress for two and four weeks before applying foliar sprays. Also, to test the effect of stress relief, treated plants were allowed two weeks of recovery after four weeks of salt stress. In general, after two and four weeks of salinity stress, the leaf fresh weight of thyme plants was reduced by 31 and 43%, respectively. Salinity also decreased the relative water content, water, and osmotic potentials and led to ion imbalances and nutrient deficiencies. Salinity altered concentration of some essential oils, but leaf antioxidant contents remained fairly stable, except for a significant increase for plants under NaCl?+?KCl two weeks after treatment. Our results indicated that stressed plants accumulated significantly more soluble sugars and amino acids in comparison with the control. Foliar sprays with KCl and CaCl₂ reversed the negative effects of salinity on plant biomass and induced the accumulations of compatible solutes. Moreover, concentrations of some essential oils and gallic acid increased in sprayed plants, but these effects were dependent on the type and duration of the treatment. Overall, spraying leaves with K⁺ and Ca²⁺ was able to mitigate salinity stress in Thymus vulgaris even during the recovery period.     

金合欢醇和烟碱对苹果黄蚜联合毒杀作用

以苹果黄蚜Aphis citricolavander Goot为试虫，对金合欢醇和烟碱的联合杀蚜活性进行了测定，以期为开发植物源杀蚜剂产品奠定基础。室内毒力测定采用微量点滴法；田间药效试验参照国家标准进行。金合欢醇和烟碱混用具有明显的杀蚜增效作用，在最佳质量配比（金合欢醇:烟碱=4.82:1）下，共毒系数（CTC）达151.63；经过对溶剂、表面活性剂等助剂的筛选，研制出6%烟碱·金合欢醇可溶液剂，配方为金合欢醇（5%）、烟碱（1%）、表面活性剂（10%）、溶剂（84%），质量检测符合可溶液剂国家质量标准；田间药效试验表明，以126.0 g a.i./hm²常量喷雾，药后7 d对小麦上的麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae Fabricius和麦二叉蚜Schizaphis graminum（Rondani）混合种群的防效达87.80%，以115.5 g a.i./hm²常量喷雾，药后7 d对苹果黄蚜的防效在81%以上。可见，金合欢醇和烟碱复配具有显著的杀蚜增效作用，具有进一步开发潜力。     

一株高致病力赭绿青霉的生物学特性及杀虫活性

为明确一株高致病力赭绿青霉Penicillium ochrochloron Q-1的生防潜力，室内测试了不同营养、环境因素及常见杀菌剂、杀虫剂对菌株Q-1的影响，并采用室内毒力测定方法研究菌株Q-1对不同昆虫的毒力。结果表明：菌株Q-1对营养要求较低，最适生长和产孢培养基分别为淀粉琼脂培养基（SYA）和马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基（PDA），最适生长碳源为麦芽糖，最适产孢碳源为葡萄糖，最适生长和产孢氮源均为蛋白胨，最适生长及产孢温度为28℃，最适pH为6.0，同时菌株Q-1的孢子对紫外线具有一定的耐受力；化学农药中四螨嗪等杀虫剂对菌株Q-1生长影响较小，多菌灵、咪鲜胺等杀菌剂明显抑制菌株Q-1生长；在1×10⁷孢子/mL浓度下，菌株Q-1对棉铃虫幼虫、家蚕幼虫及柑橘全爪螨雌成螨的LT₅₀分别为4.08、21.37和28.43 h。综上，菌株Q-1生长快、产孢量高，对棉铃虫幼虫、家蚕幼虫及柑橘全爪螨雌成螨致病力高，本研究为赭绿青霉进一步开发利用提供理论依据。     

枯草芽胞杆菌Y13挥发性物质的分析及抑菌活性

枯草芽胞杆菌Bacillus subtilis Y13是一株高效广谱的生防菌，对油茶主要病害具有较好的生防效果，试验表明其发酵产生的挥发性物质对油茶炭疽病菌有较好的抑制作用。对菌株Y13产生的挥发性物质进行定性定量分析，并测定其抑菌活性，为油茶病害无公害防治及药剂开发提供理论依据。采用顶空固相微萃取技术（HS-SPME）和气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）收集并分析Y13挥发性物质成分，购买相应挥发性物质纯品，采用双皿倒扣法测定其抑菌活性。Y13挥发性物质对10种植物病原真菌抑菌率在19.2%～83.9%，其中挥发性物质对果生炭疽菌Colletotrichum fructicola的抑菌活性最强，抑菌率达到83.9%；检测其中10种挥发性化合物纯品对果生炭疽菌的抑菌活性发现，除了正十八烷外，其他9种挥发性化合物纯品均具有不同程度的抑菌活性；筛选出的4种高效抑菌挥发性化合物纯品对7种常见的油茶病原真菌的抑菌活性检测结果表明，4种挥发性化合物纯品（10 μL/平板）对7种常见的油茶病原真菌均具有较好的抑菌活性，抑菌活性壬醛 > 苯甲醛 > 3-甲基-4-苯基吡唑 > 苯丙噻唑。Y13挥发性物质对油茶主要病害病原菌有很好的抑制作用，具有一定的研究意义和良好的开发价值。     

杀虫真菌对草地贪夜蛾不同虫态的室内活性

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda（J.E.Smith）是一种联合国粮农组织预警的全球重大害虫。为了评价杀虫真菌对草地贪夜蛾的生防潜力，在室内条件下测定了杀虫真菌金龟子绿僵菌CQMa421、球孢白僵菌ZJU435对草地贪夜蛾不同龄期幼虫、蛹、成虫和卵的杀虫活性以及对卵孵化率、蛹羽化率等影响。结果显示：26℃条件下，菌株CQMa421和ZJU435对草地贪夜蛾低龄幼虫具有杀虫活性，接种10 d后对1龄幼虫的校正死亡率分别为35.6%和50.5%，但随虫龄增大杀虫活性降低，其中菌株CQMa421对4龄幼虫几乎没有杀虫活性；菌株CQMa421和ZJU435都引起草地贪夜蛾蛹黑化，降低其羽化率50%以上；但对成虫没有杀虫活性，也不影响成虫的产卵；卵接种菌株CQMa421和ZJU435后，孵化率分别为82.8%和90.7%，显著低于空白对照的100%，并极大地降低新孵化幼虫的存活率，分别为20.8%和0.0%，而空白对照为79.4%。结果表明，杀虫真菌CQMa421和ZJU435对草地贪夜蛾低龄幼虫、蛹和卵具有杀虫活性，同时降低卵的孵化率、新孵化幼虫存活率和蛹羽化率，对草地贪夜蛾种群控制极具潜力。